A programmable SIM chip permanently embedded into a device during manufacturing, enabling remote SIM profile provisioning and management without the need for physical SIM card replacement. Unlike traditional removable SIM cards, eSIMs can be remotely programmed with multiple network profiles, allowing devices to switch between mobile operators over-the-air (OTA). In industrial IoT applications, eSIM technology provides enhanced reliability through permanent soldered connections, simplified deployment logistics, and the ability to change network providers remotely – particularly valuable for devices installed in remote or hard-to-access locations such as energy infrastructure, smart meters, and distributed sensor networks. eSIM is standardized by the GSMA and is also referred to as eUICC (embedded Universal Integrated Circuit Card).

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